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Why synchronized async-FIFO pointers are conservative

MediumClock Domain CrossingSystemVerilog

In an asynchronous FIFO, the write domain sees a delayed synchronized copy of the read pointer. What is the normal safety effect?

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Answer choices

  1. A. It can report more free space than truly exists
  2. B. It can report full for extra cycles, but the delay does not permit an overwrite
  3. C. It guarantees zero-cycle empty deassertion
  4. D. It makes Gray coding unnecessary
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